范畴论
\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\)
\(\def \LWRfootnote {1}\)
\(\newcommand {\footnote }[2][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\footnotemark }[1][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\)
\(\let \LWRorighspace \hspace \)
\(\renewcommand {\hspace }{\ifstar \LWRorighspace \LWRorighspace }\)
\(\newcommand {\mathnormal }[1]{{#1}}\)
\(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRframebox }[2][]{\fbox {#2}} \newcommand {\framebox }[1][]{\LWRframebox } \)
\(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\addtolength }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\setcounter }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\addtocounter }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\arabic }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\number }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\noalign }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\)
\(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\)
\(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\)
\(\newcommand {\protect }{}\)
\(\def \LWRabsorbnumber #1 {}\)
\(\def \LWRabsorbquotenumber "#1 {}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRabsorboption }[1][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRabsorbtwooptions }[1][]{\LWRabsorboption }\)
\(\def \mathchar {\ifnextchar "\LWRabsorbquotenumber \LWRabsorbnumber }\)
\(\def \mathcode #1={\mathchar }\)
\(\let \delcode \mathcode \)
\(\let \delimiter \mathchar \)
\(\def \oe {\unicode {x0153}}\)
\(\def \OE {\unicode {x0152}}\)
\(\def \ae {\unicode {x00E6}}\)
\(\def \AE {\unicode {x00C6}}\)
\(\def \aa {\unicode {x00E5}}\)
\(\def \AA {\unicode {x00C5}}\)
\(\def \o {\unicode {x00F8}}\)
\(\def \O {\unicode {x00D8}}\)
\(\def \l {\unicode {x0142}}\)
\(\def \L {\unicode {x0141}}\)
\(\def \ss {\unicode {x00DF}}\)
\(\def \SS {\unicode {x1E9E}}\)
\(\def \dag {\unicode {x2020}}\)
\(\def \ddag {\unicode {x2021}}\)
\(\def \P {\unicode {x00B6}}\)
\(\def \copyright {\unicode {x00A9}}\)
\(\def \pounds {\unicode {x00A3}}\)
\(\let \LWRref \ref \)
\(\renewcommand {\ref }{\ifstar \LWRref \LWRref }\)
\( \newcommand {\multicolumn }[3]{#3}\)
\(\require {textcomp}\)
\(\newcommand {\intertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\)
\(\let \Hat \hat \)
\(\let \Check \check \)
\(\let \Tilde \tilde \)
\(\let \Acute \acute \)
\(\let \Grave \grave \)
\(\let \Dot \dot \)
\(\let \Ddot \ddot \)
\(\let \Breve \breve \)
\(\let \Bar \bar \)
\(\let \Vec \vec \)
\(\let \symnormal \mathit \)
\(\let \symliteral \mathrm \)
\(\let \symbb \mathbb \)
\(\let \symbbit \mathbb \)
\(\let \symcal \mathcal \)
\(\let \symscr \mathscr \)
\(\let \symfrak \mathfrak \)
\(\let \symsfup \mathsf \)
\(\let \symsfit \mathit \)
\(\let \symbfsf \mathbf \)
\(\let \symbfup \mathbf \)
\(\newcommand {\symbfit }[1]{\boldsymbol {#1}}\)
\(\let \symbfcal \mathcal \)
\(\let \symbfscr \mathscr \)
\(\let \symbffrak \mathfrak \)
\(\let \symbfsfup \mathbf \)
\(\newcommand {\symbfsfit }[1]{\boldsymbol {#1}}\)
\(\let \symup \mathrm \)
\(\let \symbf \mathbf \)
\(\let \symit \mathit \)
\(\let \symtt \mathtt \)
\(\let \symbffrac \mathbffrac \)
\(\newcommand {\mathfence }[1]{\mathord {#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathover }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathunder }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathaccent }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathbotaccent }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathalpha }[1]{\mathord {#1}}\)
\(\def\upAlpha{\unicode{x0391}}\)
\(\def\upBeta{\unicode{x0392}}\)
\(\def\upGamma{\unicode{x0393}}\)
\(\def\upDigamma{\unicode{x03DC}}\)
\(\def\upDelta{\unicode{x0394}}\)
\(\def\upEpsilon{\unicode{x0395}}\)
\(\def\upZeta{\unicode{x0396}}\)
\(\def\upEta{\unicode{x0397}}\)
\(\def\upTheta{\unicode{x0398}}\)
\(\def\upVartheta{\unicode{x03F4}}\)
\(\def\upIota{\unicode{x0399}}\)
\(\def\upKappa{\unicode{x039A}}\)
\(\def\upLambda{\unicode{x039B}}\)
\(\def\upMu{\unicode{x039C}}\)
\(\def\upNu{\unicode{x039D}}\)
\(\def\upXi{\unicode{x039E}}\)
\(\def\upOmicron{\unicode{x039F}}\)
\(\def\upPi{\unicode{x03A0}}\)
\(\def\upVarpi{\unicode{x03D6}}\)
\(\def\upRho{\unicode{x03A1}}\)
\(\def\upSigma{\unicode{x03A3}}\)
\(\def\upTau{\unicode{x03A4}}\)
\(\def\upUpsilon{\unicode{x03A5}}\)
\(\def\upPhi{\unicode{x03A6}}\)
\(\def\upChi{\unicode{x03A7}}\)
\(\def\upPsi{\unicode{x03A8}}\)
\(\def\upOmega{\unicode{x03A9}}\)
\(\def\itAlpha{\unicode{x1D6E2}}\)
\(\def\itBeta{\unicode{x1D6E3}}\)
\(\def\itGamma{\unicode{x1D6E4}}\)
\(\def\itDigamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DC}}}\)
\(\def\itDelta{\unicode{x1D6E5}}\)
\(\def\itEpsilon{\unicode{x1D6E6}}\)
\(\def\itZeta{\unicode{x1D6E7}}\)
\(\def\itEta{\unicode{x1D6E8}}\)
\(\def\itTheta{\unicode{x1D6E9}}\)
\(\def\itVartheta{\unicode{x1D6F3}}\)
\(\def\itIota{\unicode{x1D6EA}}\)
\(\def\itKappa{\unicode{x1D6EB}}\)
\(\def\itLambda{\unicode{x1D6EC}}\)
\(\def\itMu{\unicode{x1D6ED}}\)
\(\def\itNu{\unicode{x1D6EE}}\)
\(\def\itXi{\unicode{x1D6EF}}\)
\(\def\itOmicron{\unicode{x1D6F0}}\)
\(\def\itPi{\unicode{x1D6F1}}\)
\(\def\itRho{\unicode{x1D6F2}}\)
\(\def\itSigma{\unicode{x1D6F4}}\)
\(\def\itTau{\unicode{x1D6F5}}\)
\(\def\itUpsilon{\unicode{x1D6F6}}\)
\(\def\itPhi{\unicode{x1D6F7}}\)
\(\def\itChi{\unicode{x1D6F8}}\)
\(\def\itPsi{\unicode{x1D6F9}}\)
\(\def\itOmega{\unicode{x1D6FA}}\)
\(\def\upalpha{\unicode{x03B1}}\)
\(\def\upbeta{\unicode{x03B2}}\)
\(\def\upvarbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\)
\(\def\upgamma{\unicode{x03B3}}\)
\(\def\updigamma{\unicode{x03DD}}\)
\(\def\updelta{\unicode{x03B4}}\)
\(\def\upepsilon{\unicode{x03F5}}\)
\(\def\upvarepsilon{\unicode{x03B5}}\)
\(\def\upzeta{\unicode{x03B6}}\)
\(\def\upeta{\unicode{x03B7}}\)
\(\def\uptheta{\unicode{x03B8}}\)
\(\def\upvartheta{\unicode{x03D1}}\)
\(\def\upiota{\unicode{x03B9}}\)
\(\def\upkappa{\unicode{x03BA}}\)
\(\def\upvarkappa{\unicode{x03F0}}\)
\(\def\uplambda{\unicode{x03BB}}\)
\(\def\upmu{\unicode{x03BC}}\)
\(\def\upnu{\unicode{x03BD}}\)
\(\def\upxi{\unicode{x03BE}}\)
\(\def\upomicron{\unicode{x03BF}}\)
\(\def\uppi{\unicode{x03C0}}\)
\(\def\upvarpi{\unicode{x03D6}}\)
\(\def\uprho{\unicode{x03C1}}\)
\(\def\upvarrho{\unicode{x03F1}}\)
\(\def\upsigma{\unicode{x03C3}}\)
\(\def\upvarsigma{\unicode{x03C2}}\)
\(\def\uptau{\unicode{x03C4}}\)
\(\def\upupsilon{\unicode{x03C5}}\)
\(\def\upphi{\unicode{x03D5}}\)
\(\def\upvarphi{\unicode{x03C6}}\)
\(\def\upchi{\unicode{x03C7}}\)
\(\def\uppsi{\unicode{x03C8}}\)
\(\def\upomega{\unicode{x03C9}}\)
\(\def\italpha{\unicode{x1D6FC}}\)
\(\def\itbeta{\unicode{x1D6FD}}\)
\(\def\itvarbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\)
\(\def\itgamma{\unicode{x1D6FE}}\)
\(\def\itdigamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DD}}}\)
\(\def\itdelta{\unicode{x1D6FF}}\)
\(\def\itepsilon{\unicode{x1D716}}\)
\(\def\itvarepsilon{\unicode{x1D700}}\)
\(\def\itzeta{\unicode{x1D701}}\)
\(\def\iteta{\unicode{x1D702}}\)
\(\def\ittheta{\unicode{x1D703}}\)
\(\def\itvartheta{\unicode{x1D717}}\)
\(\def\itiota{\unicode{x1D704}}\)
\(\def\itkappa{\unicode{x1D705}}\)
\(\def\itvarkappa{\unicode{x1D718}}\)
\(\def\itlambda{\unicode{x1D706}}\)
\(\def\itmu{\unicode{x1D707}}\)
\(\def\itnu{\unicode{x1D708}}\)
\(\def\itxi{\unicode{x1D709}}\)
\(\def\itomicron{\unicode{x1D70A}}\)
\(\def\itpi{\unicode{x1D70B}}\)
\(\def\itvarpi{\unicode{x1D71B}}\)
\(\def\itrho{\unicode{x1D70C}}\)
\(\def\itvarrho{\unicode{x1D71A}}\)
\(\def\itsigma{\unicode{x1D70E}}\)
\(\def\itvarsigma{\unicode{x1D70D}}\)
\(\def\ittau{\unicode{x1D70F}}\)
\(\def\itupsilon{\unicode{x1D710}}\)
\(\def\itphi{\unicode{x1D719}}\)
\(\def\itvarphi{\unicode{x1D711}}\)
\(\def\itchi{\unicode{x1D712}}\)
\(\def\itpsi{\unicode{x1D713}}\)
\(\def\itomega{\unicode{x1D714}}\)
\(\let \lparen (\)
\(\let \rparen )\)
\(\newcommand {\cuberoot }[1]{\,{}^3\!\!\sqrt {#1}}\,\)
\(\newcommand {\fourthroot }[1]{\,{}^4\!\!\sqrt {#1}}\,\)
\(\newcommand {\longdivision }[1]{\mathord {\unicode {x027CC}#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathcomma }{,}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathcolon }{:}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathsemicolon }{;}\)
\(\newcommand {\overbracket }[1]{\mathinner {\overline {\ulcorner {#1}\urcorner }}}\)
\(\newcommand {\underbracket }[1]{\mathinner {\underline {\llcorner {#1}\lrcorner }}}\)
\(\newcommand {\overbar }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00305}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ovhook }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00309}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ocirc }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x0030A}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\candra }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00310}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\oturnedcomma }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00312}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ocommatopright }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00315}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\droang }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x0031A}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\leftharpoonaccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D0}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\rightharpoonaccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D1}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\vertoverlay }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\leftarrowaccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D0}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\annuity }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020E7}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\widebridgeabove }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020E9}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\asteraccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020F0}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\threeunderdot }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020E8}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\Bbbsum }{\mathop {\unicode {x2140}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\oiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x222F}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\oiiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2230}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2231}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\ointclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\ointctrclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2233}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\varointclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\leftouterjoin }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D5}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\rightouterjoin }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D6}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\fullouterjoin }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D7}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigbot }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D8}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtop }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D9}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\xsol }{\mathop {\unicode {x29F8}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\xbsol }{\mathop {\unicode {x29F9}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigcupdot }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A03}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigsqcap }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A05}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\conjquant }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A07}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\disjquant }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A08}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtimes }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A09}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\modtwosum }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0A}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\sumint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0B}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intbar }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0D}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intBar }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0E}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\fint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0F}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\cirfnint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A10}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\awint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A11}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\rppolint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A12}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\scpolint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A13}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\npolint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A14}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\pointint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A15}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\sqint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A16}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intlarhk }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A17}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intx }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A18}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intcap }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A19}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intcup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1A}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\upint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1B}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\lowint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1C}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtriangleleft }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1E}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\zcmp }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1F}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\zpipe }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A20}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\zproject }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A21}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\biginterleave }{\mathop {\unicode {x2AFC}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtalloblong }{\mathop {\unicode {x2AFF}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\arabicmaj }{\mathop {\unicode {x1EEF0}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\arabichad }{\mathop {\unicode {x1EEF1}}\limits }\)
\(\require {mathtools}\)
\(\newenvironment {crampedsubarray}[1]{}{}\)
\(\newcommand {\smashoperator }[2][]{#2\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\SwapAboveDisplaySkip }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LaTeXunderbrace }[1]{\underbrace {#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\LaTeXoverbrace }[1]{\overbrace {#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRmultlined }[1][]{\begin {multline*}}\)
\(\newenvironment {multlined}[1][]{\LWRmultlined }{\end {multline*}}\)
\(\let \LWRorigshoveleft \shoveleft \)
\(\renewcommand {\shoveleft }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveleft }\)
\(\let \LWRorigshoveright \shoveright \)
\(\renewcommand {\shoveright }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveright }\)
\(\newcommand {\shortintertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\)
\(\newcommand {\vcentcolon }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\iddots }{\mathinner {\unicode {x22F0}}}\)
\(\let \fixedddots \ddots \)
\(\let \fixedvdots \vdots \)
\(\let \fixediddots \iddots \)
\(\let \originalddots \ddots \)
\(\let \originalvdots \vdots \)
\(\let \originaliddots \iddots \)
\(\let \originaldddot \dddot \)
\(\let \originalddddot \ddddot \)
\(\newcommand {\tcbset }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbsetforeverylayer }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbox }[2][]{\boxed {\text {#2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcboxfit }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcblower }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbline }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbtitle }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbsubtitle [2][]{\mathrm {#2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcboxmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbhighmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xLongleftarrow {10,10}{0x21D0}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xLongrightarrow {10,10}{0x21D2}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xLongleftrightarrow {10,10}{0x21D4}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xLeftrightarrow {10,10}{0x21D4}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xlongleftrightarrow {10,10}{0x2194}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xleftrightarrow {10,10}{0x2194}\)
\(\let \xlongleftarrow \xleftarrow \)
\(\let \xlongrightarrow \xrightarrow \)
\(\newcommand {\C }{ \mathbb {C} }\)
\(\newcommand {\Cc }{ \mathcal {C} }\)
\(\newcommand {\Dc }{ \mathcal {D} }\)
\(\newcommand {\Z }{ \mathbb {Z} }\)
\(\newcommand {\ra }[1]{\xrightarrow {#1}}\)
\(\DeclareMathOperator {\Sym }{Sym}\)
\(\def \id {\mathrm {id}}\)
\(\newcommand {\Q }{\mathbb {Q}}\)
\(\renewcommand {\a }{{\alpha }}\)
\(\renewcommand {\b }{{\beta }}\)
\(\def \g {\gamma }\)
\(\def \w {\omega }\)
\(\def \e {\epsilon }\)
\(\def \z {\zeta }\)
\(\def \d {\partial }\)
\(\newcommand {\tHpb }[3]{{\mathbf {\overline {2H}}^{#1}_{(#2,#3)}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\Hpb }{\mathbf {\overline {H}}}\)
\(\def \red {\textcolor {red}}\)
\(\def \green {\textcolor {green}}\)
\(\def \blue {\textcolor {blue}}\)
\(\let \symsf \symsfit \)
\(\def\Alpha{\unicode{x1D6E2}}\)
\(\def\Beta{\unicode{x1D6E3}}\)
\(\def\Gamma{\unicode{x1D6E4}}\)
\(\def\Digamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DC}}}\)
\(\def\Delta{\unicode{x1D6E5}}\)
\(\def\Epsilon{\unicode{x1D6E6}}\)
\(\def\Zeta{\unicode{x1D6E7}}\)
\(\def\Eta{\unicode{x1D6E8}}\)
\(\def\Theta{\unicode{x1D6E9}}\)
\(\def\Vartheta{\unicode{x1D6F3}}\)
\(\def\Iota{\unicode{x1D6EA}}\)
\(\def\Kappa{\unicode{x1D6EB}}\)
\(\def\Lambda{\unicode{x1D6EC}}\)
\(\def\Mu{\unicode{x1D6ED}}\)
\(\def\Nu{\unicode{x1D6EE}}\)
\(\def\Xi{\unicode{x1D6EF}}\)
\(\def\Omicron{\unicode{x1D6F0}}\)
\(\def\Pi{\unicode{x1D6F1}}\)
\(\def\Rho{\unicode{x1D6F2}}\)
\(\def\Sigma{\unicode{x1D6F4}}\)
\(\def\Tau{\unicode{x1D6F5}}\)
\(\def\Upsilon{\unicode{x1D6F6}}\)
\(\def\Phi{\unicode{x1D6F7}}\)
\(\def\Chi{\unicode{x1D6F8}}\)
\(\def\Psi{\unicode{x1D6F9}}\)
\(\def\Omega{\unicode{x1D6FA}}\)
\(\def\alpha{\unicode{x1D6FC}}\)
\(\def\beta{\unicode{x1D6FD}}\)
\(\def\varbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\)
\(\def\gamma{\unicode{x1D6FE}}\)
\(\def\digamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DD}}}\)
\(\def\delta{\unicode{x1D6FF}}\)
\(\def\epsilon{\unicode{x1D716}}\)
\(\def\varepsilon{\unicode{x1D700}}\)
\(\def\zeta{\unicode{x1D701}}\)
\(\def\eta{\unicode{x1D702}}\)
\(\def\theta{\unicode{x1D703}}\)
\(\def\vartheta{\unicode{x1D717}}\)
\(\def\iota{\unicode{x1D704}}\)
\(\def\kappa{\unicode{x1D705}}\)
\(\def\varkappa{\unicode{x1D718}}\)
\(\def\lambda{\unicode{x1D706}}\)
\(\def\mu{\unicode{x1D707}}\)
\(\def\nu{\unicode{x1D708}}\)
\(\def\xi{\unicode{x1D709}}\)
\(\def\omicron{\unicode{x1D70A}}\)
\(\def\pi{\unicode{x1D70B}}\)
\(\def\varpi{\unicode{x1D71B}}\)
\(\def\rho{\unicode{x1D70C}}\)
\(\def\varrho{\unicode{x1D71A}}\)
\(\def\sigma{\unicode{x1D70E}}\)
\(\def\varsigma{\unicode{x1D70D}}\)
\(\def\tau{\unicode{x1D70F}}\)
\(\def\upsilon{\unicode{x1D710}}\)
\(\def\phi{\unicode{x1D719}}\)
\(\def\varphi{\unicode{x1D711}}\)
\(\def\chi{\unicode{x1D712}}\)
\(\def\psi{\unicode{x1D713}}\)
\(\def\omega{\unicode{x1D714}}\)
5.2 自然同构
设\(F,G\) 为范畴\(\mathbf {A},\mathbf {B}\) 之间的函子:
例子:
-
(1) 自然变换的单位元
对于每个函子 \(F: \mathbf {A} \to \mathbf {B}\),我们有在 \(F\) 上的单位自然变换 \(id_F: F \to F\),定义为 \((id_F)_A = id_{FA}\),显然是一个自然同构。
-
(2) 从集合到向量空间的函子
设 \(F: \textbf {Set} \to \textbf {Vec}\) 是一个将每个集合 \(X\) 映射到具有基 \(X\) 的向量空间 \(FX\) 的函子,对于每个函数 \(X \xrightarrow {f} Y\),其线性扩展是 \(FX \xrightarrow {Ff} FY\)。尽管这个定义在选择不同的具有相同基的向量空间时是不准确的,但这在“自然同构”意义
上是可接受的。只要我们为每个集合 \(X\) 选择一个特定的具有基 \(X\) 的向量空间 \(FX\),我们就得到了一个函子 \(F: \textbf {Set} \to \textbf {Vec}\)(因为上述条件唯一确定了 \(F\) 对函数的作用)。此外,以这种方式获得的任何两个函子都是自然同构的。
-
(3) 二阶对偶函子
从向量空间范畴的恒等函子到二阶对偶函子的自然变换 \(\theta : id_{\textbf {Vec}} \to (\hat {\hat {\ }})\),在限制到有限维向量空间的全子范畴时变成了自然同构。
-
(4) 自然同构和平方函子
对于任何二元集合 \(A\),\(\text {hom}(A,-)\) 自然同构于平方函子 \(S^2\) ,而 \(\text {hom}(-,A)\) 自然同构于反变幂集函子 \(Q\) 。
-
(5) hom 函子上的同构与自然同构
如果 \(f\) 是一个态射,且 \(\tau _f\) 和 \(\sigma _{f}\) 分别是 hom 函子上与它关联的自然变换的话,那么以下说法等价:
因此,如果 \(A\) 和 \(B\) 是同构的对象,那么 \(\text {hom}(A,-)\) 和 \(\text {hom}(B,-)\) 是自然同构的函子,\(\text {hom}(-,A)\) 和 \(\text {hom}(-,B)\) 也是自然同构的。反之亦然。
如果范畴\(\mathbf {A}\) 是范畴\(\mathbf {B}\) 的 反射子范畴 ,那么任意两个关于范畴\(\mathbf {A}\) 的 反射子 是 自然同构 的。
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证明. 设\(R,S\) 为范畴\(\mathbf {A}\) 的反射函子,反射箭头\(B\xrightarrow {r_B}RB,B\xrightarrow {s_B}SB\), 那么存在\(\mathbf {A}\)-态射\(RB\xrightarrow {f_B}SB,SB\xrightarrow {g_B}RB\), 使得以下图表交换:
\[ \xymatrix { B \ar [r]^{r_B} \ar [rd]_{s_B} & RB \ar [d]^{f_B} &\ar @{}[d]|{\text {and}} &B \ar [r]^{s_B} \ar [rd]_{r_B} & SB \ar [d]^{g_B}\\ & SB & &&RB } \]
从反射箭头的唯一性可知:\(g_B \circ f_B = id_{RB},f_B \circ g_B = id_{SB}\), 故\(f_B\) 是同构态射。考虑态射族\((f_B)_{B\in Ob_\textbf {A}}\),如果我们能证明此态射族是自然变换,命题得证。注意到以下图表交换:
\[ \xymatrix { B\ar [r]^{s_B}\ar [d]_{f}&SB \ar [d]^{Sf}&\ar @{}[d]|{=} &B\ar [r]^{r_B}\ar [d]_{f} &RB\ar [r]^{f_B}\ar [d]_{Rf} &SB \ar [d]^{Sf}\\ B'\ar [r]_{r_B'}&SB' & &B'\ar [r]_{s_B'}
&RB'\ar [r]_{f_B'} &SB' } \]
自然就证明了该命题。□
在前面关于范畴等价性的讨论中我们有: 如果函子\(F:\mathbf {A}\to \mathbf {B}\) 是一个等价函子,那么存在函子\(G:\mathbf {B}\to \mathbf {A}\) 是等价的。现在利用自然同构,我们可以深入探讨这个结论。
函子\(F:\mathbf {A}\to \mathbf {B}\) 是一个等价函子 当且仅当 存在函子\(G:\mathbf {B}\to \mathbf {A}\),使得\(id_{\mathbf {A}}\cong G\circ F\text { and } id_{\mathbf {B}}\cong F\circ G\)。
函子\(F:\mathbf {A}\to \mathbf {B}\) 是 可表示的 ,如果\(F\cong \text {hom}(A,-)\),其中\(\text {hom}(A,-):\mathbf {A}\to \mathbf {Set}\)